Now that the surge of 2020 to 2022 has passed, the international supply chain has time to pause and examine what went well, what didn’t, and how to adjust for the next upswing. When examining ocean containers moving to inland rail ramps, there could be many changes forthcoming. In what markets will trucker-owned chassis become more prevalent? What will happen in a landmark chassis case between the trucking lobby and ocean carriers? And how will railroads adjust to these changes? Norfolk Southern Railway has begun a multi-year effort to convert wheeled terminals into a port-like grounded model and to introduce appointment systems to reduce truck turn times. Union Pacific Railroad is grounding all imports from California into the Global 4 terminal in Joliet and eliminated the no cherry-picking policy. This session will examine how railroads, truckers, and chassis lessors will learn from history.