Now that the cargo volume surge of 2020 to 2022 has passed, the international supply chain has time to pause and examine what went well, what didn’t, and how to adjust for the next upswing. When examining ocean containers moving to inland rail ramps, there could be many changes forthcoming. Norfolk Southern Railway has begun a multi-year effort to convert wheeled terminals into a port-like grounded model and to introduce appointment systems to reduce truck turn times. Union Pacific Railroad is grounding all imports from California into the Global 4 terminal in Joliet and eliminated the no cherry-picking policy. This session will examine how railroads will learn from history as they prepare for the inevitable turnaround and next wave of cargo.